National Coral Reef Monitoring Program: Diel seawater carbonate chemistry observations from a suite of instrumentation deployed at coral reef sites across the Hawaiian Archipelago since 2016

The ocean acidification diel suite is an autonomous instrument package that measures diel variability in coral reef seawater carbonate chemistry. Diel suite surveys are conducted by the NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center (PIFSC), Ecosystem Sciences Division (ESD) within coral reef ecosystems across the Pacific Islands Region as part of the NOAA National Coral Reef Monitoring Program (NCRMP). The data provided in this record are from diel suites deployed across the Hawaiian Archipelago since 2016 during ESD-led NCRMP missions. Specifically, at select sites at Kure Atoll and Lisianski Island between September 14th - 26th, 2016 as well as Lanai and the Main Hawaiian Islands between July 10th - July 30th, 2019.

Diel suites were deployed on the reef for at least 24 hours to measure in-situ salinity, temperature, pressure, pH, and current direction and magnitude. Seawater samples were also collected for laboratory analyses of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity (TA). Components of the carbonate system--including pH, pCO2 (partial pressure of carbon dioxide), and aragonite saturation state--are calculated from DIC, TA, temperature, salinity and pressure. Each diel suite consisted of: 1 SBE-19plus CTD sensor, 1 Nortek Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP), 1 Satlantic SeaFET Ocean pH sensor, and up to 9 Programmable Underwater Collectors (PUCs), each of which collected 1 water sample at 4-hour intervals; however, only data from the CTD and water samples were recovered from the diel surveys at Kure and Lisianski in 2016. Starting 2018, 1 SBE-43 oxygen sensor was tethered to the CTD sensor for diel surveys. Stand-alone dissolved oxygen (DO) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) loggers were included with the diel suite deployments starting HARAMP 2019. Instruments deployed, samples collected, and sample intervals are recorded in the summary file enclosed with the data package, and exceptions to the standard diel suite are also noted.

Manual seawater sampling and other National Coral Reef Monitoring Program (NCRMP) field monitoring efforts are limited to daylight hour operations. As a result, these data sets do not capture full 24-hour variability in coral reef physical and chemical environments. The ocean acidification diel suite was developed to increase the temporal resolution and coverage of oceanographic and carbonate chemistry measurements and contextualize daytime sampling within the full diel cycle.

An SBE-43 oxygen sensor was co-located with the SBE-19plus CTD sensor for diel surveys starting in 2018, and was included in the 2019 deployments however it failed to collect measurements.

In 2019, The stand-alone RBRsolo³ DO logger was deployed on alternating diel suites to those of SBE-43 oxygen sensor. Additionally PAR data became available starting 2019 with the addition of the RBRsolo³ PAR logger.

Data recovered from the diel surveys in 2016 only include CTD and water quality data.

The NOAA National Coral Reef Monitoring Program (NCRMP) details a long term approach to provide an ecosystem perspective via monitoring climate, fish, benthic, and socioeconomic variables in a consistent and integrated manner. The NCRMP coordinates various NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program (CRCP) biological, physical, and human dimensions activities into a cohesive NOAA-wide effort. Through the implementation of the NCRMP, NOAA is able to clearly and concisely communicate results of national-scale monitoring to national, state, and territorial policy makers, resource managers, and the public on a periodic basis.

NCRMP is a framework for conducting sustained observations of biological, climate, and socioeconomic indicators at 10 priority coral reefs across the U.S. and its territories. This integrated approach consolidates monitoring of coral reefs under a uniform method in the Pacific, Atlantic, Caribbean, and the Gulf of Mexico for the first time. NCRMP is funded by the Coral Reef Conservation Program (CRCP) and supported by NOAA Fisheries, NOAA National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS), NOAA’s Atlantic Oceanographic & Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), NOAA Coral Reef Watch, and many other partners. The Ecosystem Sciences Division (ESD) at NOAA Fisheries is leading in-situ climate monitoring in the U.S. Pacific Islands Region.

The climate component of NCRMP in the Pacific provides a comprehensive view of climate change impacts on coral reef ecosystems and helps identify areas of resilience and vulnerability. The key indicators used to identify and monitor climate-driven trends include 1) thermal stress caused by changes in sea temperature, 2) ocean acidification resulting from changes in carbonate chemistry, and 3) ecological impacts by collecting data on coral growth rates, erosion, and community structure to understand the impacts of thermal stress and ocean acidification on the ecosystem. Each year, ESD scientists work closely with CRCP and partners during Reef Assessment and Monitoring Program (RAMP) missions to collect data using moored oceanographic and ecological instruments stationed at fixed sites in the Pacific Ocean, and water samples collected by divers. The in-situ data and satellite-based observations are also used in modeling efforts. Innovative analysis techniques are used to develop products that give fellow scientists, managers, decision makers and the public a better understanding of a region’s resources and how they are changing over time.

Initially published in 2019 with data collected in 2016. Updated in 2021 with data collected in 2019, as well as with columns added to incorporate new instruments and improve data structure.

Data from 2016 was conducted in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) and only took CTD and water samples. Data from 2019 was conducted in the Main Hawaiian Islands (MHI) and the diel suite deployed had CTD, water sample, ADCP, pH, PAR, as well as DO measurements.

CTD data include conductivity, temperature, and pressure observations with calculated depth, salinity, and density.

Water samples are analyzed for dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity (TA). pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, and aragonite saturation state are mathematically derived from TA and DIC values using temperature, salinity, and pressure data from the CTD. Dissolved oxygen (DO) and PAR were logged in-situ with stand-alone sensors with the diel suite deployment.

RBRsolo³ PAR and RBRsolo³ DO stand-alone loggers were deployed with the diel suites in 2019. From 2018 typically diel suite deployments included a tethered SBE-43 DO sensor to the CTD sensor. Oxygen sensors alternated on deployments, however only the stand-alone RBRsolo³ DO logger data is available for 2019.

The depth column in all the files refers to the depth read by the dive computer at time of deployment, with the exception of the CTD file for which depth was calculated over the time course of the deployment from the pressure. If the CTD sensor failed, pressures were taken from ADCP readings to calculate depth over the diel suite deployment.

While every effort has been made to ensure that these data are accurate and reliable within the limits of the current state of the art, NOAA cannot assume liability for any damages caused by errors or omissions in the data, nor as a result of the failure of the data to function on a particular system. NOAA makes no warranty, expressed or implied, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty.

Kure Atoll and Lisianski Island, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands

Lanai and the Main Hawaiian Islands

Not applicable

Not applicable

NOAA Ecosystem Sciences Division (ESD) Data Sharing Recommendations, version 9.0 updated August 12, 2015:

ESD welcomes the opportunity to collaborate on research issues contributing to the scientific basis for better management of marine ecosystems. ESD has a very diverse set of field activities that generates large volumes of data using an array of data collection protocols.

The following recommendations are for your consideration as you use this data:

1) Data analyses should take all field exigencies into account. The most effective way to do this would be active collaboration with ESD principal investigators.

2) In all presentations, product releases, or publications using data generated by ESD, proper acknowledgement of both ESD and the individuals responsible for data collection is expected. Citing the DOI (if available) is preferred, a non-DOI example is listed below.

3) If you collect or generate data for the same study areas, ESD requests that you share relevant information on complimentary data collections.

4) Those receiving data are strongly urged to inform the ESD Data Management Team of any errors and discrepancies that are discovered during the course of using these data. They are further urged to bring to the attention of the Team all problems and difficulties encountered in using these data. This information is necessary in order to improve the collections and to facilitate more efficient and economical data processing and retrieval. The users are asked to supply copies of any missing data that may be located, and to provide information as to significant subsets and special aggregations of data that are developed in using the material provided.

Example citation:

"This publication makes use of data products provided by the Ecosystem Sciences Division (ESD), Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center (PIFSC), National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), with funding support from the NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program (CRCP). The analysis and interpretations presented here are solely that of the current authors.”

Data can be accessed online via the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) Ocean Archive.

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Please cite PIFSC Ecosystem Sciences Division (ESD) when using the data.

Suggested citation:

Ecosystem Sciences Division; Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, 2021: National Coral Reef Monitoring Program: Diel seawater carbonate chemistry observations from a suite of instrumentation deployed at coral reef sites across the Hawaiian Archipelago since 2016, https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/inport/item/54894.

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Raw data are downloaded from the instruments, processed in R, and migrated to the PIFSC Oracle database.

Water sample data is stored in an MS Access database.

Seawater carbonate chemistry at the benthos is dynamic and driven by physical and biological processes occurring at time scales of minutes to days. The measurements and analyses from this instrument suite is representative of the water column chemistry at the time of measurement, but this highly variable environment allows for a fairly wide distribution of measured values.

Water samples: accuracy of seawater carbonate chemistry laboratory analysis is explained in detail in Dickson et al (2007), SOP #2: Determination of total dissolved inorganic carbon in sea water, and SOP #3b: Determination of total alkalinity in sea water using an open-cell titration.

Satlantic SeaFET Ocean pH sensor: measurement range: 6.5-9.0 pH; salinity range: 2-40 psu; accuracy: +/- 0.05 pH; precision: better than 0.001 pH; resolution: 0.0001 pH; stability: 0.005 pH/mo

SBE-19plus CTD sensor:

Conductivity - measurement range: 0-9 S/m; accuracy: +/- 0.0005 S/m; stability: 0.0003 S/m per month; resolution: 0.00005 S/m;

Temperature - measurement range: -5-35 deg C; accuracy: +/-0.005 deg C; stability: 0.0002 deg C per month; resolution: 0.0001 deg C;

Pressure - measurement range: 0-600 m; accuracy: +/- 0.1%; stability: +/- 0.1%; resolution: 0.002%

Nortek Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler 1MHz: Profiling range: 12-25 m; accuracy: +/- 1%

SBE-43 oxygen sensor: Measurement range: 120% surface saturation; accuracy: +/- 2% of saturation; stability: 0.5% per 1000 hours

RBRsolo³ DO logger: Range: 0 to 600%, Accuracy: ±2% O2 saturation, Resolution: 1% of saturation, Response time: ~10s, (T90%)

RBRsolo³ PAR logger: Depth rating: 350/560m, Sampling capacity: ~13M readings, Sampling rate: 1s to 24h and 2Hz

For some deployments, paired water samples are collected simultaneously at the benthos and 1.5 meters above the seafloor.

The entire suite of instrumentation is deployed during diel surveys; however, various issues can occur with any one or several of the instruments during the deployment thereby limiting the data recovered.

While PUCs are programmed to collect water on this regular sampling schedule, issues with the pumps can occasionally result in missing samples for some of the time steps.

Refer to the 'meta' file enclosed with the data package for details. In 2016, only CTD and water quality data were recovered from the diel surveys at Kure and Lisianski.

Redundant data are collected to ensure accuracy of the methods/instrumentation. For some deployments, paired water samples are collected simultaneously at the benthos and 1.5 meters above the seafloor.

All analyzed samples and measured values are included. NULL values in the data, where they exist, indicate that the observation/analysis was not conducted for the sample record where it appears.

The data are very consistent, sample collection and processing protocols detailed in Dickson et al (2007) are adhered to rigorously, both in the field (SOP #1) and in the laboratory (SOP #2 and #3b).

The data is quality controlled by NOAA PIFSC Ecosystem Sciences Division (ESD) personnel after the data is downloaded from the instruments, after it is migrated to the database, and once again when the data are submitted to the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information.

NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) conducts quality assurance and quality control on their seawater analyses according to protocols #2 and #3b in Dickson et al (2007).

The data is captured in several locations: files stored on the cruise server during the mission and the PIFSC network, and data are imported into the PIFSC Oracle database. The cruise server is regularly backed up by the cruise data manager while at sea, and the PIFSC network and Oracle database are maintained and regularly backed up by PIFSC ITS.

The Ocean Acidification Diurnal Suite is a collection of instruments deployed by SCUBA divers onto the seafloor that makes autonomous measurements and collects seawater samples. For a typical 24 hour sampling, the diurnal suite consists of: 1 Sea Bird Electronics (SBE)-19plus CTD sensor, 1 Nortek Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP), 1 Satlantic SeaFET Ocean pH sensor, and 7 Programmable Underwater Collectors (PUC), where each PUC collects 1 discrete water sample at a 4-hour interval from 12:00 on day 1 to 12:00 on day 2. Starting 2018 an oxygen sensor was co-located with the CTD sensor, and beginning in 2019 a stand-alone PAR sensor as well as oxygen sensor were added to the deployment. All instruments are weighted or zip-tied to rubble on the seafloor, or both, to secure the position of the instrumentation for the duration of the deployment.

Instruments 3-7 were not in the diel suite package for the 2016 deployment.